Monday, January 27, 2020
Umbilical Cord Blood Banking
Umbilical Cord Blood Banking Constant growing attempts have been made spread awareness among the people for the cause of umbilical cord blood banking. Stem cells derived from umbilical cord have proved to be a boon to mankind. Earlier stem cells were only used to provide some low cost effective treatment to diabetes, stroke and some kind of blindness. But no doubt about it that today we are on the edge of having a major breakthrough with these cells which will get stem cells the credit they deserve. Although it is true that the spread of awareness among people has paid off and the preservation of umbilical cord blood is gaining momentum. Now cord blood bank is a place where cord blood can be kept for the future use. The cord blood banking involves three simple steps. These steps are collection, processing and storage. Collection is a process in which the umbilical blood is collected and can be done within 5 minutes after the birth of the child. Umbilical cord is clamped and cut and is attached to a special bar coded bag. This bag is kept at a lower level than the cord so the blood drains out in the bag.Ã After collection its the turn for processing. Processing normally involves checking of blood for various possible viral infections and then separating stem cells from the red blood cells. After processing the umbilical blood is stored in liquid nitrogen tank at a temperature of -196 Celsius. This keeps the blood available for use even after a very long time. The banks which handle all these operations can be generally classified into two categories and they are public and private. While the public cord blood bank is set to be for public use, private banks are set up exclusively for parents who want to keep the umbilical cord blood of their baby to themselves. At present, for every 3 public cord blood banks there is 1 private cord blood bank. The public banks can be used free of cost while the private banks charge the fees of $800-$2000. Most parents do not worry about the amount as it can be considered as the cover for medical insurance against so many fatal diseases. The only good thing about the private banks are that with the donation to private banks comes the guarantee of availability, while in public banks the usage of cord blood is subjected to availability. It is due to private banks only that this noble cause of donation is turning into a kind of business that requires investment. That is why medical community strongly supports public banks and not the private banks. The use of public banks widens the number of beneficiaries from medical advances. The government is also spending heavily on the research and storage of stem cells. Recently the Indian government granted Rs 5 crores to a Mumbai based institution to upgrade its stem cell research facility. Also a large number of banks are being set up nationwide to facilitate the process and to spread awareness among the masses.
Sunday, January 19, 2020
Euthanasia :: Medical Assisted Suicide Drugs Essays
Euthanasia In recent years, Euthanasia has become a very heated debate. It is a Greek word that means "easy death" but the controversy surrounding it is just the opposite. Whether the issue is refusing prolonged life mechanically, assisting suicide, or active euthanasia, we eventually confront our socity's fears toward death itself. Above others, our culture breeds fear and dread of aging and dying. It is not easy for most of the western world to see death as an inevitable part of life. However, the issues that surround euthanasia are not only about death, they are about ones liberty, right to privacy and control over his or her own body. So, the question remains: Who has the right? Under current U.S. law, there are clear distinctions between the two types of euthanasia. One group of actions taken to bring about the death of a dying patient -withdrawal of life support, referred to by some as passive euthanasia- has been specifically upheld by the courts as a legal right of a patient to request and a legal act for a doctor to perform. A second group of actions taken to bring about the death of a dying patient -physician-assisted death, referred to by some as active euthanasia- is specifically prohibited by laws in most states banning "mercy killing" and is condemned by the American Medical Association. Although it is not a crime to be present when a person takes his or her life, it is a crime to take direct action intentionally designed to help facilitate death--no matter how justifiable and compassionate the circumstances may be.1 With active euthanasia, it is the doctor who administers the lethal drug dose. Since it is tantamount to homicide, the few U.S. docto rs who perform it have been brought to trial but none of them have ever been convicted and imprisoned. Modern interest in euthanasia in the United States began in 1870, when a commentator, Samuel Williams, proposed to the Birmingham Speculative Club that euthanasia be permitted "in all cases of hopeless and painful illness" to bring about "a quick and painless death." The word "painless" is important: the idea of euthanasia began gaining ground in modern times not because of new technologies for agonizingly prolonging life but because of the discovery of new drugs, such as morphine and various anesthetics for the relief of pain, that could also painlessly induce death. Over the next three decades Williams's proposal was reprinted in popular magazines and books, discussed in the pages of prominent literary and political journals, and debated at the meetings of American medical societies and nonmedical professional associations.
Saturday, January 11, 2020
Golden Rice
Golden rice Vitamin A is one of the most important vitamins to humans, and it plays an inevitable role in our daily life, thus Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) affects millions of people, causing serious health problems. Therefore, scientists are searching for the most effective method to let people obtain enough Vitamin A as possible. As a consequence, the scientific program of cultivating Golden Rice has attracted peopleââ¬â¢s attention. ââ¬Å"Golden Rice is a new type of rice that contains beta-carotene, a source of Vitamin A â⬠(Golden rice, para. ). This new technology has aroused many controversial debates. Some organizations and individuals think that Golden Rice poses unknown threats to the environment and human health, even preventing people from diversifying their diet. In contrast, others hold the opinion that Golden Rice has more benefits than harm to humans, helping to release the severe situation about VAD. This issue is a worth exploring in the aspects of technology , economy and efficiency.As a new project with high-tech content, Golden Rice needs reliable technical supports. Until now, many developing countries, such as African country, have no chances of benefiting from bio-technology, while developed countries have already enjoyed the new invention to obtain their mental health. Many people from the developing country recommend that, since the last green revolution had been missed, they do not want to miss this one, which may allow them to have the opportunity to lift millions of people out of hunger.What is more, International Rice Research Institute( IRRI) is optimistic about the prospects for the Golden Rice project, and they believe that it may open up a kind of new research model creating partnerships with the private institution. On the contrary, people consider that this technique needs to establish its reliability before it becomes available to the general public. Methods such as testing should be done, making sure it could suit the local environment. Moreover, this advanced agriculture technology needs to be promoted through marketing subjects in order to assure its safety.As far as I am concerned, bio-safety cannot be guaranteed. As we know, data on the potential health risks of Genetically Modified Foods (GMO) foods are scanty, which has made it impractical to remove the risk. There is a concern that the transgenic crop may endanger biodiversity, and lead to the extinction of valuable bio-resources, thus it is unwise to take this risk. Beyond that, the economic factors cannot be ignored. For people from developing countries, Golden Rice was thought to be contributed to reach self-sufficient in food to climb out of poverty.After all, economic turmoil and social instability may well happen without food security. It is also significant for the independence of nation and peace to the world. Besides, the IRRI thought they could seek economic help for private sectors, so that they do not have to worry about the f unding issues. On the other hand, Friends of the Earth (FOE) found that such a project can hardly get nearly the amount of funding they deserved according to the data of past years.It is said thatâ⬠more than $100 million dollars has been spent on developing golden rice, and another $50 million has been budgeted for advertisements touting the cropsââ¬â¢ future benefits ââ¬Å"(Pollan, 2001, p. 15). How many cases of blindness could be averted right now if the industry were to divert this investment from advertising spending to a few of the programs such as providing free seeds to poor famers to help more people? In addition, the main purpose of this research is to solve the VAD and the poverty problem.However, malnutrition, diseases and poverty are deeply rooted in social soil, associating with economic and political systems, such as, the unfairness of income distribution. Hence, the Golden Rice has done little to address the fundamental problem. With all these essentials, t he other important factor is on effectiveness on consuming. There is no denial that Golden Rice can supply a certain amount of Vitamin A, and it is necessary for developing countries to operate as stakeholders, instead of just accepting the decision made by government from developed countries.However, the fact is that Golden Rice has too little Vitamin A, a woman has to eat 16 pounds of cooked rice a day to satisfy her minimum daily requirement of Vitamin A, according to the research made by FOE. Hence,FOE advocate diet diversification. ââ¬Å"Previous studies either focused solely on effects of the rice on Vitamin A intakes without considering health outcomes, but used only highly aggregate intake data without taking into account important nutritional features like dietary heterogeneityâ⬠(Stein, Sachdev, & Qaim, 2006, P. 4-10). In addition, Krawinkel argued that the general issue is that nutritional deficiencies are rarely focused on one nutrient (e. g. , vitamin A, iron, selenium, zinc or others). In most cases, they are complex conditions and many sources for the various nutrients (Krawinkel , 2007, p. 9). It can be seen easily that the technical issue, economic issue and efficiency of Golden Rice have connected with each other closely.Essentially, I tend to think that disadvantages of developing Golden rice outweigh the benefits, located with three main reasons including doubting about the safety of genetically modified (GM) crops, reasoning the huge payout with small output and disagreeing with the monotonous diet, instead of a diverse diet. From my point of view, developing the varied diet is not only the most radical way to get all the nutrients we need but also helping to improve the life quality as well as developing a healthy lifestyle. References IRRI. (n. d. ). Golden rice.Retrieved from http://www. irri. org/index. php? option=com_k2&view=itemlist&task=category&id=764:golden-rice-at-irri&lang=en Krawinkel, M. B. (2007). W hat we know and don't know about golden rice. Nature Biotechnology, 25(6), 623; doi: http://dx. doi. org/10. 1038/nbt0607-623 Pollan, M. (2001, Mar 04). The great yellow hype. New York Times Magazine, 15. Stein, A. J. , H. P. S. Sachdev, ;amp; Qaim, M. (2006). Potential impact and cost-effectiveness of golden rice. Nature Biotechnology, 24(10), 1200-1. doi: http://dx. doi. org/10. 1038/nbt1006-1200b
Friday, January 3, 2020
Minimum Wage Or Overtime Pay For The Working Adults And...
In June of 1938, amongst other bills, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed a bill that would intimately become a law to help the Nationââ¬â¢s social and economic development. This law establishes minimum wage or overtime pay for the working adults and employed youths. This meant good for all the industrious people of America, but as times get harder isn t money always the one to come up short? Minimum wage should be increased to $10.00 an hour for many reasons. First off, the wide epidemic of economic growth will lift the people a little above the poverty line; moreover, workers will be financially secured and finally this wage bump up will boost the governments financial system. Initially, million of Americans are considered the working poor and it is because of their status on the social ladder. Despite the amount of over time or extra jobs they are working they just won t make it above the poverty line. When this law was enacted it probably wouldn t have been for a person or a family to live a life of luxury, but it was enough to keep roofs above their heads and food on the table. As of the wage of today even if a person works full time or over time it would not make a difference at all how many hours have been put in it is still not enough to fulfill one s need and wants. As promised working in America had to be part of living the American Dream , which is working one for a decent paycheck that can be brought home and simultaneouslyShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Minimum Wage On The Society1207 Words à |à 5 Pages Minimum wage is the topic I chose because there has been a controversy regarding raising minimum wage and the impact of minimum wage to the society. Whether it would aid workers or not. There have been arguments of laypersons of increasing minimum wage to a very high level and there are arguments against it. History behind minimum wage The Ordinance of Labourers (1349) is the forerunner to the minimum wage. The Ordinance was a ruling by King Edward III who established a maximum wage for laborersRead MoreComparison of the Jungle and Fast Food Nation1436 Words à |à 6 Pagesof money and power giant industries that causes social problems in workplace. Generations has passed since The Jungle was published but yet in todayââ¬â¢s world it isnââ¬â¢t the children that are working but it is the youth of teens. I see minor differences between the children and the young teens that are employed by the giant industries. One thing that I see changed since The Jungle was written is the children back in early nineteenth century worked to contribute to the families that were going throughRead MoreThe Most Dangerous Industry Of The United States957 Words à |à 4 PagesIn the year 1870, 739,164 children between the ages of 10 and 15 were employed in the United falling just short of 20 percent of the workforce. 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The original minimum wage applied to workers engaged in interstate commerce and the production of goods for interstate commerce. In 1938, this applied to roughly 11.0 million workers out of a total of 54.9 million workers. The minimum wage was set at $0.25 per hour. à · 1961 -- Amendments to the minimum wage law extend coverage primarily to employees in largeRead MoreChild Labour in Bangladesh Industry9607 Words à |à 39 Pagescultural contexts. Canada, for example, has not signed the International Labour Organizations (ILO) Minimum Age Convention. It is widely agreed that exploitative child labour is strongly associated with poverty. The countries with the highest illiteracy rates, lowest school enrolment ratios and serious nutritive deficiencies are in general those that have the highest proportions of children working. The phenomenon of child exploitation is equally complex. It is not necessarily linked to poverty aloneRead MoreBusiness Ethics6288 Words à |à 26 Pageschildren.[10] A short epilogue was added to the DVD describing McDonald s discontinuation of the Super Size option six weeks after the movie s premiere, as well as its recent emphasis on healthier menu items such as salads, and the release of the new adult happy meal. However, it is shown that the salads can contain even more calories than hamburgers, if the customer adds liberal amounts of cheese and dressing prior to consumption. McDonald s claimed that these changes had nothing to do with the filmRead More Collective Bargaining and Labour Market Outcomes for Canadian Working Women4675 Words à |à 19 PagesCollective Bargaining and Labour Market Outcomes for Canadian Working Women Ià à à à à INTRODUCTION: UNIONS, LOW PAY, AND EARNINGS INEQUALITY The major purposes of this paper are, first, to examine the impacts of collective bargaining on labour market outcomes for women workers in Canada, specifically with respect to pay, benefits coverage, the incidence of low pay and the extent of earnings inequality, and, second, to suggest ways in which positive impacts could be extended via the expansionRead MoreBusiness Ethics: Child Labor in Wal-Mart8552 Words à |à 35 Pagespractice or unfair labour practice issues in a corporate and its impact. Unfair labour practice is conduct by employers or by unions that violates the right of employees. Unethical labour practices including low labour wages, child labour, unequal pay and treatment, unsafe working environments, racial, gender and sexual discrimination. Based on Immanuel Kantââ¬â¢s theory, everyone should have sense of duty and right thing to do (McNutt, 2010). Thus, as a responsible corporation, management should comply
Thursday, December 26, 2019
Obesity and Health Care Providers - 1798 Words
1. What is the decision-making process for Metabical? Who is involved in the process? Market research: investigating into the overall adult overweight situation in U.S. fand overweight population and consumersââ¬â¢ perception of the currently existed weight-loss drugs. Analyzing differential advantages: CSP should recognize the Metabicalââ¬â¢s competitive factors first. Metabical is the first prescription drug approved by FDA and has less negative side effect and can magically loss weight. Recognizing target consumers: the target consumers are overweight individuals with a BMI of 25-30 who want to live healthier and health care providers who would be prescribing Metabical. Analyzing the main concern of target consumers: for direct consumers,â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦They are concerned with health issues caused by overweight and willing to change lifestyle and behavior. The target consumers are determined by characteristics of Metabical. Firstly, no prescription-drug options which are specifically for the overweight segment (BMI of 25 to 30) were available in 2008. Thus, the market is underserved that easy for Metabical to entry and gain awareness. Secondly, Metabical has negative side effects when users consume high levels of fat and calories. Metabical can achieve effectiveness of weight-loss with the complement of reasonable diet and exercise regimen. The target customers aged 35-65 with college education are mostly to comply with the requirements and the lifestyle skills for healthy weight maintenance after initial weight loss was achieved. Thirdly, the retail price estimated for the drug would be $3-$5 daily with the average course of treatment lasting 12 weeks. $3: expense = $3*7*12= $252 $5: expense = $5*7*12= $420 Thus, the price is more acceptable and worthwhile for consumers with income of more than $80000. 3. How should CSP identify and employ the differential advantages that Metabical offers to position itself in the marketplace? Before CSP positions Metabical in the marketplace, CSP should analyze strength, weakness, opportunity and threat of Metabical. Then CSP could position MetabicalShow MoreRelatedObesity and Health Care Providers809 Words à |à 4 PagesInformation search * From internal search, knowing that itââ¬â¢s extremely hard to reach weight-loss goal on their own and even harder to maintain, thus need some medical help * From external search, most probably from commercial sources or health care providers, they become aware that the new FDA-approved weight-loss drug called ââ¬ËMetabicalââ¬â¢ offers much less safety concern with ââ¬Å"one pill a dayâ⬠low-dose formulation amp; a comprehensive support program for healthy weight maintenance afterwards Read MoreDesign Interventional Models For Primary Care Providers1619 Words à |à 7 Pagesthe years from proven evidence-based research, there is a need for intervention as primary care physicians attempt to address the issue of adult obesity. Obesity can be linked to many adverse health outcomes such as: diabetes, hypertension and stroke as suggested by the National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute (2012). The purpose of this project is to design interventional models for primary care providers to implement into a wellness program. The program includes increased knowledge of nutritionalRead MoreObesity And Healthcare Economics : A Growing Problem Within The United States1661 Words à |à 7 PagesObesity and Healthcare Economics A growing problem within the United States (US), as well as internationally, is the increasing epidemic of obesity. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) recognizes a body mass index (BMI), measured in units of kg/m2, 25.0-29.9 as overweight, 30+ as obese, and 40+ as extreme obesity (CDC, 2015). 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Enacting a policy to address obesity would directly impact health care providers. Health care providers would discuss with patients that are obese and how they could lose weight. This means that health care providers will be getting more patients which equals to getting more money. An individual that is obese will be at risk for many health conditions. That individualRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Obesity911 Words à |à 4 PagesObesity Obesity is defined as having too much total body fat and a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more. BMI is an estimate of body fat and is calculated from your height and weight. Prolonged obesity is a serious health concern that can cause major illnesses, including: â⬠¢ Stroke. â⬠¢ Heart disease. â⬠¢ Diabetes. â⬠¢ Cancer. â⬠¢ Arthritis. â⬠¢ High blood pressure (hypertension). â⬠¢ High cholesterol. â⬠¢ Sleep apnea. â⬠¢ Erectile dysfunction. â⬠¢ Infertility problems. Your weight does not need to be a lifelong problemRead MoreHealth System Differences : Louisiana And Illinois823 Words à |à 4 PagesHEALTH SYSTEM DIFFERENCES: LOUISIANA AND ILLINOIS The Health system in Louisiana and Illinois is widely different on basis of access to healthcare, mental health issues and many others. Looking at overall performance of healthcare system by measuring 42 different variables such as at systemic level, from insurance coverage to vaccination rates to avoidable hospital stays and at individual level, from rate of obesity to numbers of adults who have lost six or more teeth, Illinois is among the thirdRead MoreThe On Health Care Delivery1606 Words à |à 7 PagesDeclaration of 1978 had significant consequences on health care delivery in Australia, facilitating the introduction of primary health care (PHC) in Australia. PHC refers to an ââ¬Å"integralâ⬠health care approach (World Health Organization [WHO], 1978), defined through its principles of accessibility, public participation, health promotion, intersectoral collaboration and appropriate technology (Downey Westera, 2009). Relations between obesity, being a National Health Pr iority Area (NHPA), and PHC will be expoundedRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects Essay1049 Words à |à 5 PagesChildhood obesity is at an all-time high in the United States and should be a major concern for the nation. With childhood obesity steadily rising, it is imperative that actions be implemented to offset this trend. Childhood obesity places children at a significantly higher risk for a multitude of physical and psychological health concerns. It is important to understand the actions that have been set in motion that attempt to resolve this issue. Additionally, it should be determined if these actionsRead MoreThe Study s Intervention Was An Asp That Was Implemented Twice Per Week1204 Words à |à 5 Pages12 weeks. The bilingual ASP included about a half an hour of health education and an hour of physical activity. The valid curriculum was also adapted culturally for Mexican-American children. The health outcomes included BMI, BMI percentile, aerobic capacity, dietar y preferences, and health knowledge. Aerobic capacity was measured via the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) test, and dietary preferences and health knowledge were measured by a self-completed survey and previously
Wednesday, December 18, 2019
Hosting A Hunt Protect The Hunted Pros And Cons
Hosting a Hunt to Protect the Hunted: Pros and Cons The thought of killing an almost endangered animal to raise awareness to its vulnerable status seems insane to any normal human being, but what if there were several benefits to go along with the drawbacks? The scenario I am referring to is if a professional hunter sold tickets for $1500.00 a piece and maxed the amount of tickets to 100 tickets. The money he received from this hunt would go towards lion conservation only and not into his own pockets. The money the lion conservation efforts would receive would be approximately $150,000.00 (not including taxes taken out). The idea of this much money going towards lion conservation to an average american doesn t seem all that much considering how large the protected and reserve areas are in Africa. Africa is 14 times larger than the United States of America. The main problem with Africa is not the fact that it is so large, but the fact that their country is not as fortunate to have the revenue that the U.S has to put towards conservation efforts. The majority of the money they get to fund these reserves comes from hosting hunts like the one I mentioned above. Africa s government does allot some money to help the reserves, but definitely not enough to help with everything upkeeping a reserve entails, ââ¬Å"The agency determined that the major threats to lions are habitat destruction, declines in the species they prey on, and increased conflicts between humans and lions (WallShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words à |à 656 Pagesseekers, holiday workers, tourists, temporary residents, guest workers, family migrants, immigrants, business travelers, illegals, undocumented persons, and so forth. It is commonly argued that these categorization and surveillance measures help to protect both the human rights of migrants and the interests of the nation.66 But they also generate the Byzantine red tape that so many observers complain about. In their preferences for wealthy and educated migrants, they also comprise one of the lastRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words à |à 658 PagesLarge supermarket chain Asda was distributing the Ministryââ¬â¢s albums to shoppers around the UK. The Ministryââ¬â¢s distinctive logo had become the basis for a large merchandising business, mostly for clothing. By 2001, the Ministryââ¬â¢s touring division was hosting 300 events worldwide, including China and India, and had regular summer 2 3 The Ministry of Sound was aiming for a stock market listing within a couple of years. Then things started to go wrong. The dance music on which the Ministry was based
Tuesday, December 10, 2019
Concepts of Business Education free essay sample
Presentations: The nurses will be shown presentations by experienced nurses and doctors. 5. Quiz: There will be quizzes held for the nurses on the things taught. 6. Evaluation: The nurses will be evaluated according to their performance. 7. Demonstrations: The nurses will be given demonstrations by the experienced nurses on care giving. 8. Implementation: The nurses will have to demonstrate whatever they have learnt under the supervision of the department head. 9. Post evaluation: Depending on the performance of the nurses, they will be posted in the required departments. The most basic problem of philosophy of education is that concerning aims: what are the proper aims and guiding ideals of education? What are the proper criteria for evaluating educational efforts, institutions, practices, and products? Some of the AIMS proposed or involved in the educational endeavor are â⬠¢cultivation of curiosity and the disposition to inquire fostering of creativity â⬠¢production of knowledge and of knowledgeable students â⬠¢enhancement of understanding â⬠¢promotion of moral thinking â⬠¢feeling and action â⬠¢enlargement of the imagination fostering of growth, development, and self-realization Based on the AIMS concept we are building an online learning system for our employees: Ideally, the learning outcomes in order of priority are ?Translated into course content, resources and an approach to the teaching and learning process that will enable a student to achieve those outcomes. We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts of Business Education or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ?Once these basic parameters have been thought through, the courseware development team will share the responsibility of translating the theory and intentions into courseware and online learning functions. These courses will then be delivered by the learning management system (LMS) ? LMS will interface with the library and other digital resources related services along with the student information system (SIS) ? This activity will be done through a secure server that can authenticate the student login. From the students point of view, they will connect to the LMS and the related services through a user-friendly users portal, with a single login, they can have access to their courses and can be linked to all related resources and services. Finally, to ensure ongoing improvement, an evaluation process for the effectiveness of the system, based on achievement of the learning outcomes and students feedback will be put in place, in the form of an independent quality assessment process, which also provides feeds back into the development cycle. Through the above steps the organization plans to provide quality education by making them online, the courses would cover organizational development programs like oTime Management oLeadership Skills Training oConflict Management Workforce Development Relating LMS Courses to AIMS as per John Dewey â⬠¢AIMS always relate to results, the first and most important thing is whether the work assigned possesses intrinsic continuity â⬠¢AIMS implies an orderly and ordered activity, one in which the order consists in the progressive completion of a process â⬠¢AIMS means foresight in advance of the end or possible termination â⬠¢AIMS as a foreseen end gives direction to the activity; itââ¬â¢s not an idle view for the spectator but influences steps taken to reach the end. How each prior event leads into its successor while the successor takes up what is furnished and utilizes it for some other stage, until we arrive at the end, which summarizes and finishes the process? â⬠¢Foresight functions in 3 ways ?Involves careful observation of given conditions and means available to reach the end. ?Suggest the proper order or sequence in the use of means, facilitating economical selection and arrangement. ?Makes choice of alternatives possible
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